REACH (Telegram) 130 - What are your views on the impact of continued conflict in the Middle East on Singapore’s energy security?
(SK)
23 Mar 2026 (10am - 7pm)
REACH (Telegram)
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[23/3/2026 10:03 am] REACH Singapore: 📢 Topic 📢
Speaking to reporters during a visit to the Singapore LNG (SLNG) Terminal on 20 Mar (Friday), Minister-in-charge of Energy and Science and Technology Tan See Leng noted that the Middle East conflict had turned significantly more serious and that there did not seem to be any end to the hostilities.
However, he emphasised that Singapore has not seen the need yet to dip into its energy stockpile, and that Singapore was prepared for multiple contingencies.
💬 What are your views on the impact of continued conflict in the Middle East on Singapore’s energy security?
📌 Geopolitical developments leading to rise in energy prices
Dr Tan's comments came against the backdrop of the recent attack on Iran’s South Pars gas field (18 Mar) and the retaliatory attack on Ras Laffan liquefaction facility in Qatar (19 Mar). Iran's South Pars gas field is part of the world's largest natural gas reservoir while the Ras Laffan facility typically produces around a fifth of the world’s supply of Liquified Natural Gas.
As a result, oil prices soared five percent and European gas jumped by 35 per cent on Thursday (19 Mar) on concerns about the impact on energy supplies of the nearly three-week-old Middle East war.
On the situation in the Middle East, Dr Tan noted that "Even if tomorrow, the war stops, the rebuilding of this Ras Laffan facility would take between three and five years, so you can expect that kind of disruption."
📌 Singapore's energy security measures
He said Singapore is prepared for multiple contingencies and scenarios, and has strengthened its resilience over the years, including through centralising the procurement of gas and requiring companies to hold stockpiles. Currently, about 95 per cent of Singapore’s electricity is generated using imported natural gas.
Dr Tan said the Republic’s strategy to diversify its sources of energy has so far “worked in an optimum fashion” as it has energy suppliers from all around the world.
He said the country’s short-term vesting contracts, which mandate power generation companies to sell a specified amount of electricity at a pre-determined price to discourage them from withholding supply “will be affected”, as the contracts are based on the short-term electricity spot price. However, longer-term vesting contracts continue to run, and the Singapore continues to import piped natural gas from Indonesia and Malaysia.
Dr Tan said, “We will not hesitate to step in to intervene and to help our businesses as well as our households.
📌 Potential increase in electricity tariff
Dr Tan reiterated that Singaporeans can expect to see an increase in the electricity tariff, which is the way that most households pay for their consumption.
Dr Tan said, “We are stable for now, but as the situation evolves, as supplies continue to get truncated, the first thing that you would expect to see, would be the electricity tariffs will go up.
“There’s a lot of downstream impact, because we are one of the largest refinery complexes in the world. On top of that, downstream (supply of) fertilisers, even helium, would be affected,” he added.
“So you can imagine that this impact would really be amplified. We need to really brace ourselves for a bumpier ride ahead.”
📌 Individual efforts to conserve energy
Dr Tan also called on households and businesses to conserve energy.
He said they could switch to more energy-efficient appliances, turn up temperature settings on their air-conditioning units, and turn off switches when appliances are not in use.
He added, “Every measure helps. People who are using cars can switch to EVs, for instance. We could try to reduce the number of private car trips, we could pool together (similar journeys), or we could even try to take more public transport.”
👉https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/petrol-lng-stockpile-energy-prepared-multiple-scenarios-middle-east-6005926
👉 https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/spore-ready-to-step-in-to-help-businesses-households-if-middle-east-conflict-worsens-tan-see-leng
[23/3/2026 10:04 am] REACH Singapore: 👉https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GRLEqsH23/
👉 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/iran-strikes-cause-extensive-damage-major-qatar-gas-hub-6002581
👉 https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/expect-electricity-prices-to-increase-in-coming-months-tan-see-leng
----
[23/3/2026 10:22 am] LCL (Danny 心):
1. This Middle East war is likely to be protracted.
2. No end in sight.
3. Until both sides ammo exhausted.
Like COVID exhausted itself through herd immunity.
[23/3/2026 10:25 am] LCL (Danny 心):
This is 小三灾 - the manifestation of the 3 minor catastrophe of humanity collective karma arising from 贪嗔痴 (Greed, Hatred and Ignorance) - compounded by 2 minor defilements 慢疑 (Arrogance, Distrust).
[23/3/2026 10:26 am] LCL (Danny 心):
War, Pandemic, Natural disasters - will be the fruition.
Because it is a minor catastrophe - it will not end humanity but cause major disruption to Global humanity and human lives.
[23/3/2026 10:27 am] LCL (Danny 心):
Big war has 3 major fautlines.
1. Europe - started WW1 and WW2.
2. Middle East - intolerant and hatred among 4 Biblical lineages.
3. Asia Pacific - fautlines likely to be Taiwan issue, Korea Peninsula, to a lesser extent border war.
[23/3/2026 10:28 am] LCL (Danny 心):
If 3 major fautlines erupt together - it will be WW3.
[23/3/2026 10:29 am] LCL (Danny 心):
Hence important to carry the message - Asia Pacific war must not erupt in the keynote speech.
[23/3/2026 10:30 am] LCL (Danny 心):
https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/mid-east-war-has-no-clear-end-in-sight-after-three-weeks
After three weeks, no clear end in sight for war in Middle East.
[23/3/2026 10:38 am] 365: While we try our best to tide over the current energy issues, perhaps the government can look into more renewables and other sources. This relates back to their previous consideration for nuclear, I wonder what is the current status on that.
Apart from that, we can study if there are any possibilities of hydro from the seas or wind options. I'm not well versed in this so I don't know how realistic it may be, but I think it could be something to consider.
If feasible, I think it's worth investing a large capex upfront to help us with further diversification.
We should not only consider the now, but also what lessons we can learn and bring forward to the future.
[23/3/2026 10:38 am] Adam: They already are wotking on it for a long time
[23/3/2026 10:39 am] 365: I have no idea, honestly haven't been following much on it. If it's already in place then my comment can be disregarded.
[23/3/2026 10:39 am] Adam: In fact many of us already spend a premium for green initiatives. Like some green electricity plan cost more. Extra green fuel survhage for flights
[23/3/2026 10:40 am] 365: I'm aware they are trying to harvest solar and have implemented on a decently large scale already
[23/3/2026 10:40 am] 365: I'm just thinking if we can expand more avenues
[23/3/2026 10:40 am] Adam: I wonder if the price tags for the green plans will be much less affected. If they go up as much if not more than normal non green plans, we should audit these companies offering it. Are the money really use for green or is it funneled somewhere else
[23/3/2026 10:40 am] Nicholas: This time it's much worse. Singapore might want to diversify away from oil faster by speeding up installation of solar panels on roofs, looking at importing from other sources nearby if possible e.g. hydro, geothermal etc.
[23/3/2026 10:41 am] 365: Yeah, this is what I'm trying to get at. We already have started implementing solar as renewables, wondering if we can get even more such as hydro
[23/3/2026 10:42 am] 365: Not sure about the science and feasibility behind it though, just thinking out loud
[23/3/2026 10:44 am] 365: If we build hydro infrastructure by our shores (assuming feasible), can we double dip by building solar on top of those infrastructure
[23/3/2026 10:45 am] 365: For our roofs, or even some open land areas, is it feasible to build wind turbines and then mount solar on top of them, to double dip on the same space
[23/3/2026 10:48 am] Nicholas: Thinking about whether it's feasible to import electricity from ASEAN neighbors who have hydro and geothermal.
[23/3/2026 10:53 am] Jun Ming: Don't depend on gov. Time to install your own solar panel. 1% of your energy can be generated by yourself
[23/3/2026 10:54 am] Jun Ming: Esp if got sun shining into your house you are lucky. Buy some solar panels to power your lights
[23/3/2026 10:55 am] Jun Ming: So can save money
[23/3/2026 10:56 am] Jun Ming: Online platforms have a lot of solar lights selling
[23/3/2026 10:59 am] Jun Ming: For sg case it's not about no energy but expensive energy
[23/3/2026 11:00 am] G: Govt needs to lead the way in lowering energy consumption.
Individuals and household energy usage is a mere drop compared to govt
Look at the amount of aircon usage, their data centers are also huge energy demanders
[23/3/2026 11:00 am] REACH Singapore: [ Poll : 1. I am confident in Singapore's energy security measures despite the continued global uncertainties. Share your views in the chat! ]
- Strongly agree
- Agree
- Neutral
- Disagree
- Strongly disagree
[23/3/2026 11:01 am] REACH Singapore: [ Poll : 2. I have taken measures to reduce my energy usage. Share your views in the chat! ]
- Yes
- No
- No, but I am prepared to take measures to do so
[23/3/2026 11:01 am] Adam: Does hdb allow? I think TC will raise issue if people put outside. Say image of neighbourhood. Or risk panel drop
[23/3/2026 11:01 am] Adam: Anything put outside permanent must get approval iirc.
[23/3/2026 11:02 am] Jun Ming: Don't put outside
[23/3/2026 11:02 am] Jun Ming: Just inside facing window
[23/3/2026 11:03 am] Jun Ming: Thou efficiency drop but better than nothing
[23/3/2026 11:05 am] Adam: At that point probably burn more fuel making and transporting the panel
[23/3/2026 11:06 am] G: What is being done to cap fuel prices at the pumps?
Why is the govt allowing profiteering to happen? CASE say monitor only, but after a week of increasing fuel prices everyday, still monitoring only?
All these eat into cost of business, into cost of living
Doesn't help that fuel duties are still there $0.66 per litre, and people pay GST for that fuel duty too, essentially taxing taxes.
[23/3/2026 11:06 am] Jun Ming: But still I have not been oning light for 90% of the time
[23/3/2026 11:07 am] G: Previously, when pump prices dipped, fuel duties were increased and the rationale was quite dubious, politicians coming out to say since the duties were increased to match previous higher prices, consumers won't be that much burdened.
This is very concerning. Exploitative taxation
[23/3/2026 11:09 am] G: https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/singapore-budget-2015-petrol-duty-rates-go-15-20-cents-litre-immediately
[23/3/2026 11:11 am] Jun Ming: To reduce energy consumption we need to build a bicycle friendly city
[23/3/2026 11:11 am] G: With a 15bil budget surplus, besides asking citizens to do their part.
What part is PAP doing? Will they do their part by removing fuel duties in this season?
[23/3/2026 11:14 am] Adam: Lol, asking car owners to do their part by driving less. Car owners literally pay for the certificate to be entitled to drive
[23/3/2026 11:15 am] Jun Ming: Other than conserving energy that most people already do to the max what can people still do sia
[23/3/2026 11:15 am] Adam: If they dont drive its literally wasting money since coe will expire
[23/3/2026 11:15 am] G: Fuel duties bring in $177mil a year (not inclusive of the gst on that duties)
This is just 1.1% of the $15 bil surplus
Can't the govt spare 1.1% of the surplus to keep cost of living from rising too fast
https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/singapore-budget-2015-petrol-duty-rates-go-15-20-cents-litre-immediately
[23/3/2026 11:15 am] Adam: Its buffet syndrome. Gov needs to make it such that drivers pay per road usage
[23/3/2026 11:16 am] Jun Ming: Erp 2.0?
[23/3/2026 11:16 am] Adam: Needs to accelerate it based on ongoing geopolitics
[23/3/2026 11:17 am] Jun Ming: Is electric car better than fuel power car?
[23/3/2026 11:21 am] Jun Ming: Can nsas start to research Dyson ball.
[23/3/2026 11:21 am] Adam: Depends i guess. I think one issue is singaporean drivers are incentivised to get the biggest car possible for the category to maximise the worth of the coe
[23/3/2026 11:22 am] Adam: Japan have those small kei cars. What if such a system is implemented here
[23/3/2026 11:24 am] G: Politicians can lead the way too by taking public transport and ditching their cars 😏
[23/3/2026 11:24 am] G: Already paying per use via fuel duties
[23/3/2026 11:24 am] Adam: Hey they are professionals. Them and their spouse need to each own a car for a dual car household. Maybe their children need their own car too
[23/3/2026 11:25 am] Jun Ming: Agree let them led by example
[23/3/2026 11:26 am] Jun Ming: Just like Thailand news reporter taking off their jacket
[23/3/2026 11:26 am] Jun Ming: And Lawrence Wong should also get a kid
[23/3/2026 11:26 am] Adam: Clearly not enough. Then again if enforce too hard people will go malaysia. Businesses that rely on tranport will suffer
[23/3/2026 11:27 am] Adam: But that says a lot of our logistics infrastructure if its so dependant on cars and oil. Can our gov make business offload too?
[23/3/2026 11:27 am] Adam: Its one thing ask people take train or wfh instead of drive for work
[23/3/2026 11:28 am] Jun Ming: H2 fuel should rise
[23/3/2026 11:28 am] Adam: Its another ask company not use taxi or not use lorry
[23/3/2026 11:28 am] G: No la. WFH means ownself pay utilities for company work
[23/3/2026 11:28 am] Adam: See the bus and mrt fare? I already spend 5$ return trip to office
[23/3/2026 11:29 am] Jun Ming: Total energy use slightly reduce as less transportation is needed
[23/3/2026 11:29 am] Adam: Im pretty sure utilities is much less
[23/3/2026 11:29 am] Adam: Also save on expensive outside food
[23/3/2026 11:30 am] Adam: I last time take bus one stop to the mall already 1 dollar. Now i just walk all the way. Unfortunately sometimes i have to waste money on bus if i accompany grandma
[23/3/2026 11:32 am] Jun Ming: I think a lot of people already doing the max they can conserve what to do if price continue goes up
[23/3/2026 11:33 am] Jun Ming: It's time to target rich people who are wasting more energy
[23/3/2026 11:35 am] Jun Ming: Stop targeting consumers
[23/3/2026 11:38 am] Jun Ming: For eg. Business class flight should increase the most
[23/3/2026 11:41 am] Jun Ming: Eg. Bicycle express lane where terrain is flat
[23/3/2026 11:42 am] Adam: Lol long time ago, i email NEA. I wanted to buy a chest freezer which is way more energy saving than normal freezers. I ask why cannot use climate voucher.
They say because its not in the list of high energy contributors. Lmao they cannot think for themselves. Need to only follow checklist and and hit kpi.
So i have to help save the environment from my own pocket
[23/3/2026 11:43 am] Adam: Always offload the cost to consumers and subsidize business. And blame us if environment not good
[23/3/2026 11:49 am] LCL (Danny 心):
1. Suggest for immediate measures:-
a. Those who drives cars often, switch to MRT, buses or taxis, phv or use EV.
b. Cycles or pmd.
c. Walk
[23/3/2026 11:51 am] LCL (Danny 心):
2. Turn on fans more often rather than fully rely on Aircon.
[23/3/2026 11:52 am] Jun Ming: I am already doing allof these what else
[23/3/2026 11:53 am] Jun Ming: How to reduce electric bill to less than 100
[23/3/2026 11:53 am] LCL (Danny 心):
Sigh...
All these only small efforts, help a bit only.
[23/3/2026 11:53 am] LCL (Danny 心):
Not possible.
[23/3/2026 11:54 am] Jun Ming: Like I want to tell gov 你还要我怎样
[23/3/2026 11:55 am] LCL (Danny 心):
1. There are needs to be structural changes away from oil, diesel, natural gas.
[23/3/2026 11:57 am] LCL (Danny 心):
1. Solar panels helps - but electricity yield relatively small even if cover a big part of the city.
2. Recycling waste to generate electricity - need structural changes to waste recycling and power generation - electricity yield also not very high.
[23/3/2026 11:58 am] Adam: https://www.ema.gov.sg/resources/singapore-energy-statistics/chapter3
[23/3/2026 11:58 am] Adam: Lol house is a tiny tiny fraction of energy usage
[23/3/2026 11:58 am] Adam: Why squeeze us so much
[23/3/2026 11:58 am] Adam: Biggest is commerce and industrial
[23/3/2026 11:58 am] Adam: Next big chunk is transport
[23/3/2026 11:59 am] Adam: If we wfh, wont make a dent. But will ahbe a big impact since it cuts away commerce and transport
[23/3/2026 11:59 am] LCL (Danny 心):
3. Geothermal energy - likewise need structural changes to power generation, electricity yield also not very high.
[23/3/2026 11:59 am] Adam: If we save on aur con, barely a difference compared to cars, let alone whatever industry use
[23/3/2026 12:00 pm] Adam: Ema already have the graph on who uses the most energy. Many residential play their part already
[23/3/2026 12:11 pm] Nicholas: Government could give a "recommended guideline" for commercial buildings to set their temperatures to 24 / 25 degrees celsius. Oftentimes, find the office shivering cold, can save a lot of electricity by increasing the temperature and it will be welcome by workers.
[23/3/2026 12:11 pm] Adam: Idk sometimes too cold. Sometimes too warm like they cannot control
[23/3/2026 12:12 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Diversifying our supply for natural gas, oil, diesel does not help much because if Middle East supply is squeezed, many countries will look for alternatives - our regional suppliers and will still drive up the energy prices.
治标不治本。
Curing the symptoms and not the root cause.
[23/3/2026 12:14 pm] Nicholas: Agree the bicycle lanes can be improved, oftentimes the cycling lane ends and there's no information on where to go, can be more continuous.
[23/3/2026 12:14 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Hence we need to:-
1. Shoot for domestic production of our own energy - that will require structural changes to our power generation - that will be immune to oil, petrol, diesel, natural gas import squeeze due to war, geopolitical tension.
2. So what are they:-
a. Solar panels
b. Recycle waste power generation
c. H20 electrolysis - extraction of hydrogen gas to generate electricity.
d. Geothermal energy
e. Nuclear reactor SMR thorium based molten salt
f. Biofuel, Palm oil, SAF (Sustainable Airlines Fuel).
g. EV cars, lorries, bus, pmd, bicycles
[23/3/2026 12:15 pm] Nicholas: Can apply AI to fix this
[23/3/2026 12:25 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
If we are able to do so, we will have successfully winched ourselves out of many decades heartache of energy shock due to reliance on oil, petrol, diesel and natural gas - as war broke out, geopolitical tension erupted.
[23/3/2026 12:32 pm] Adam: Later ai go hallucinate or go rogue and boil the occupants
[23/3/2026 12:42 pm] RY: Energy is essential resources to any country survival/economy growth just like water/food
Believe our govt is always prepared for any resource crisis in advance
Just like SG invented NeWater as one of the alternatives, and have multiple sources for food import
Every crisis is a challenge and testing point for SG prepareness for any crisis to come
And our govt always learn fm other countries mistakes/worldwide crisis
SG govt may have to seriously consider domestic energy production eg SMR nuclear plant at offshore SG islands
Just like increasing SG domestic food production during covid pandemic
Besides fuel storage for crisis, similarly with Water storage at the new Tuas Port
Meantime, govt may have to reinforce to the public again the importance of water/energy conservation, due to limited resources and for our future generations, as everybody plays a part in energy/water conservation
May also incentising people if there is reduction in usage for water/energy, just like MOH incentising the public in HealthierSG and redeeming HPB points for medishield premiums payment
[23/3/2026 12:56 pm] Andrew Goh: Is it possible to reduce electric consumption of the road’s lamps? Like only switch on alternate lamps instead of every single ones. They might already be energy saving, but switching on only half might reduce consumption more. It should still be bright enough for the drivers to see and not compromise safety.
[23/3/2026 12:57 pm] Jun Ming: But uranium is also a globally controlled fuel
[23/3/2026 12:57 pm] Jun Ming: Can consider but once it's cut off it's cut off.
[23/3/2026 12:58 pm] Jun Ming: Maybe at 3am off alt lights
[23/3/2026 12:59 pm] Jun Ming: In express way
[23/3/2026 1:09 pm] Adam: I think lamps are too bright. But light are extremely negligible.
Imo i think singapore should lower brightness of lamps so that we can sleep better at night. The light are wrecking our sleep cycle as our body still think its daytime. Wonder if moh can coin in on the health effects of leaving all these lights on. Recently they installed new lights near my hdb and its shining too bright into my room
[23/3/2026 1:10 pm] Adam: Im sure our risk averse govt wont change things. Dont rock the boat. If somebody got accident at night later blame light how?
[23/3/2026 1:12 pm] Jun Ming: I think for energy we need to find a new source of energy. To research and find new one. Not the one already established but a new one
[23/3/2026 1:13 pm] Adam: We already getting nuclear.
[23/3/2026 1:13 pm] Jun Ming: I think the space agency should have this idea
[23/3/2026 1:14 pm] Jun Ming: Eg. Getting energy through magnetic field or building a space station and send energy back to Singapore through radiation means like telsa tower
[23/3/2026 1:15 pm] Adam: I dont think singapore has proper infra to support energy research
[23/3/2026 1:16 pm] Adam: Maybe one day ASEAN collaborate to build a particle collider underground and make a black hole
[23/3/2026 1:29 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Thorium don't use uranium.
It is found in Earth crust, rocks, rivers, valleys, etc.
Thorium react with molten salt to produce uranium-233 as liquid fuel to ignite nuclear fission, produce heat to generate electricity.
Such production produce almost infinite electricity and very high yield.
SMR nuclear reactor thorium based molten salt modules produce 500 MW potentially can reach up to 1.3GW by stacking up and aggregating the modules.
Singapore only needs about 11GW of electricity.
If we have about 10 SMR thorium based molten salt nuclear reactors - Singapore is self sufficient in domestic energy production.
And SMR thorium based molten salt nuclear reactor produce negligible radioactive waste that do not require special dumping because it is always recycle as fuel liquid to produce electricity.
Its danger level is equivalent to managing any petrol refinery or natural gas refinery.
[23/3/2026 1:32 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Thorium as minerals are not control by any superpowers like uranium.
Many countries that have minerals will have thorium.
[23/3/2026 1:34 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Source:- Google AI
India holds the world's largest thorium reserves (approx. 846,000–850,000 tonnes), mainly in coastal monazite sands. Other nations with significant deposits include Australia and Brazil (over 500,000 tonnes each), followed by the USA, Turkey, Egypt, China, Venezuela, Russia, and Norway. Total global resources are estimated at over 6 million tonnes.
Key Thorium-Rich Countries & Resources:
India: Leading holder, utilizing it in a dedicated three-stage nuclear program.
Australia & Brazil: Possess substantial heavy mineral sand deposits (monazite).
USA: Large reserves, notably in the Lemhi Pass (Montana/Idaho) and Wet Mountains (Colorado).
China: Holds significant, potentially underestimated deposits (identified up to 1.3-1.4 million tonnes reported), and is active in molten-salt reactor research.
Egypt & Turkey: Major deposits in the Middle East/North Africa region.
Others: Significant resources are also located in Canada, Russia, Norway, Greenland, and Venezuela.
ThinkChina +5
Note: While Thorium is common, it is currently not mined widely because a commercial market is still developing.
[23/3/2026 1:41 pm] Khai Mun L.: Hard to get right balance. If not bright enough, other people might feedback is too dark so would have accident.
[23/3/2026 1:45 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Let us analyse the effectiveness and electricity yield of each green sustainable energy:-
1. Solar panels - need very big land surface - Singapore has already done alot.
Many HDB flats, some landed houses, reservoirs, islands etc are already covered by solar panels.
Electricity yield - less than 5%.
As of early 2026, solar energy accounts for approximately 2.1% to 2.5% of Singapore's total electricity generation mix.
2. Waste generation electricity.
Singapore manages its limited space by incinerating over 40% of its daily waste at four Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants, generating electricity that contributes up to 3% of the nation's total power needs. These plants turn trash into steam-driven electricity, significantly reducing waste volume by up to 90%, with ash transported to Semakau Landfill.
[23/3/2026 1:45 pm] Adam: We can build solar on water too
[23/3/2026 1:45 pm] Adam: But even our water space is limited
[23/3/2026 1:46 pm] Adam: If we continue solar, best to import from oveseas. Like that australia plan
[23/3/2026 1:46 pm] Adam: Singapore space too precious
[23/3/2026 1:46 pm] Adam: Actually a benefit of helping our neighbours is also to reduce regional dependency on oil. Helps stabilise the region and prices long term
[23/3/2026 1:52 pm] Khai Mun L.: Haha, i heard of a time, one person feedback is too hot, then they tweak aircon lower. Then another person complain too cold, so another adjustment..
How to handle this? 😭
[23/3/2026 1:53 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
3. Hydrogen gas fire electricity in theory is the best for us because we are surrounded by seawater. The fuel, H20 is "infinitely" abundant in theory.
But there is practical constraints that make it currently commercially unviable.
Source :- Google AI
Energy Requirement: Typical commercial devices operate at an efficiency requiring approximately 50 kWh of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen.
Water Consumption: While theoretically 9 liters of water are needed to produce 1 kg of hydrogen, practical constraints in electrolysis require a total of ~11-29 liters of water per kg of hydrogen, factoring in purification and cooling.
Local Innovation: The National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed ferromagnetic catalysts that significantly increase the speed and efficiency of breaking down water. Another team from NUS discovered a method to use light to trigger a new mechanism in catalysts to generate hydrogen more efficiently.
Water Sources: Research in Singapore indicates that rainwater is the most cost-effective water source for hydrogen production in a local context.
NUS - National University of Singapore +6
Challenges and Research Focus:
Oxygen Generation Bottleneck: A major area of research, particularly at NTU (Nanyang Technological University), is overcoming the slow reaction rate of oxygen production in electrolysis.
Catalyst Enhancement: Scientists are developing new materials, such as non-precious cobalt-based catalysts, to improve stability and efficiency.
[23/3/2026 1:56 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
4. Geothermal energy is another energy source that we can explore in Singapore.
But electricity yield is relatively low, still in research and has not reach commercially viable stage.
Source:- Google AI
Singapore is actively exploring geothermal energy as a renewable source, identifying high underground temperatures (up to at depth) in northern areas like Sembawang. Studies by NTU suggest that deeper drilling, up to 4–5km, could unlock temperatures of over , potentially supporting electricity generation and district cooling.
The Straits Times +4
Key Aspects of Geothermal Energy in Singapore:
Location Potential: High heat flow, exceeding (more than double the global average), has been found in the Sembawang area.
Heat Source: The heat is generated by the Simpang Granite bedrock, which is suitable for geothermal extraction.
Key Projects: Researchers from Nanyang Technological University - NTU Singapore (NTU), TUMCREATE, and Surbana Jurong are leading studies, including non-invasive seismic surveys to map heat.
Applications: Potential uses include direct electricity generation, cooling systems, and industrial heating.
Challenges: The high cost of deep drilling, land constraints, and technical challenges associated with operating near dense residential areas.
Timeline: The government has allocated for a two-year, nationwide, non-invasive investigation starting in 2024 to assess potential for power generation, ScienceDirect.com reports (https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001379522500064X&ved=2ahUKEwiozKrZqrWTAxURaHADHY5lLF4Qy_kOegQIAxAI&opi=89978449&cd&psig=AOvVaw2p1ZzhXOOIFYc3yQAUrWEF&ust=1774331671742000).
Energy Market Authority (EMA) +7
[23/3/2026 2:00 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
4. Biofuel, palm oil, SAF.
Biofuel will be directed at airlines and shipping and will not be used as our primary source of electricity generation - because it is harmful to cutting down forest to plant palm oil.
Source:- Google AI.
Singapore is a major Asian hub for biofuels and Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), with 2026 mandates setting a 1% SAF target for departing flights, rising to 3%-5% by 2030. Neste's Singapore expansion (https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.greenairnews.com/?p%3D4455&ved=2ahUKEwjAs_Owq7WTAxWbzDgGHVyVPLAQy_kOegQIARAB&opi=89978449&cd&psig=AOvVaw1KwWk046kcKw4p6dHs7Ztr&ust=1774331855387000) provides 1 million tonnes of annual SAF capacity, while biofuel bunker sales to vessels tripled to 520,000 tonnes in 2023.
GreenAir News +3
Biofuels and SAF in Singapore
SAF Production & Targets: Singapore aims to be a leading SAF hub (https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/business-insights/insights/singapore-looking-into-wider-adoption-of-biofuels-bioresources-to-hit-net-zero-emissions-target.html&ved=2ahUKEwjAs_Owq7WTAxWbzDgGHVyVPLAQy_kOegQIAxAB&opi=89978449&cd&psig=AOvVaw1KwWk046kcKw4p6dHs7Ztr&ust=1774331855387000), with capacity driven by Neste's expanded refinery. The country plans to introduce a levy on air tickets from 2026 to support the adoption of SAF.
Marine Biofuels: Use of biofuels in shipping is accelerating, with over 70,000 tonnes supplied by end-2022 and 520,000 tonnes in 2023.
Feedstocks: While SAF is primarily made from waste, such as used cooking oil and animal fats, palm oil is used in wider biofuel production.
GreenAir News +4
Palm Oil Use in Singapore
Consumption: Domestic consumption was about 104,000 metric tonnes in 2023, with expectations to rise to 117,000 by 2028.
Sustainability: Palm oil is the most productive vegetable oil, with 3.5 tonnes/hectare yield compared to 0.8 for rapeseed. However, palm oil consumption is under scrutiny for its environmental impact, leading to a push for sustainable certification in Singapore.
Golden Agri-Resources +2
Electricity Yield and Energy Context
Bioenergy for Electricity: Singapore is exploring bioresources to meet its net-zero goals.
Capacity: The focus is heavily on using bioenergy for transportation (SAF/shipping) rather than primary electricity generation. However, biomass is part of the renewable mix and waste-to-energy efforts.
Grid Context: Electricity generation in Singapore is overwhelmingly powered by natural gas, with a target to transition to lower-carbon alternatives.
CME Group +4
[23/3/2026 2:02 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
5. EV vehicles - for cars, buses, lorries, taxis, phv, pnd
Singapore is moving into this direction using lithium EV batteries - hence reducing needs for petrol, diesel, oil and natural gas.
But lithium batteries cannot be used as primary electricity generation.
[23/3/2026 2:04 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
6. Den den den ....... Drumroll......
The only electricity generation that can form the infrastructure backbone of Singapore electricity domestic production - will be .....
[23/3/2026 2:04 pm] Jun Ming: Natural gas
[23/3/2026 2:04 pm] Jun Ming: Ta da
[23/3/2026 2:04 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Er er ..
Wrong.
[23/3/2026 2:07 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
6. The winner go to :- SMR thorium based molten salt nuclear reactor.
We only need 10 - 搞定。2 acre of land per 1 SMR.
About 20 acres for 10 SMRs.
To replace the 3 oil refineries in Singapore.
[23/3/2026 2:11 pm] REACH Singapore: 📢 Topic 📢
[23/3/2026 2:18 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Since Qatar natural gas reactor is hit.
Kuwait oil infrastructure is hit.
UAE oil infrastructure is hit.
Saudi oil infrastructure is hit
Iraqi oil infrastructure is hit.
Iran oil infrastructure is hit
The world has very little oil infrastructure intact to supply the whole world with oil.
Since oil price shoot up to more than $100 a barrel.
And even if the war stop now, it need at least 5 years to repair and make oil flowing again.
So a good time for Singapore to do the right thing, instead paying high price for limited oil supply or natural gas - divert the money to build our domestic sustainable oil infrastructure and production plant and nuclear reactors.
[23/3/2026 2:20 pm] LCL (Danny 心): LCL (Danny 心):
"Singapore’s Thorcon Applies To Build First Nuclear Power Plant In Indonesia".
SMR molten salt Thorium based nuclear reactor.
https://www.nucnet.org/news/singapore-s-thorcon-apples-to-build-first-nuclear-power-olant-in-indonesia-3-3-2025#:~:text=Singapore%E2%80%99s%20Thorcon%20Applies%20To%20Build%20First%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant%20In%20Indonesia
Singapore-based Thorcon International is partnering with Indonesia to develop a 500 MWe Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), the TMSR-500, planned for Kelasa Island. As of early 2025, PT Thorcon Power Indonesia has submitted licensing documents, aiming for construction to start in 2027 and operation by 2031.
The project features twin 250 MWe reactors on a floating barge, designed to be built in shipyards to enable low-cost, fast deployment.
World Nuclear News
Key Aspects of the Project:
Technology: Uses a liquid-fuel Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), which operates at high temperatures and low pressure, offering high safety features, according to ThorCon on YouTube.
Fuel Strategy: While initially aiming to use Thorium, the demonstration reactor is planned to use low-enriched uranium (HALEU) to simplify initial licensing and deployment, leaving thorium as a potential future fuel.
Design & Manufacturing: The, ThorCon modular "Cans" are built in a shipyard—potentially in South Korea—and transported to Indonesia.
Objective: To provide reliable, cleaner electricity at costs competitive with coal (around 3 cents per kWh), as highlighted by Mongabay.
Regulatory Status: BAPETEN (Indonesia's nuclear regulator) approved the site evaluation plan for the Kelasa Island site in 2025, which is in Bangka Belitung Province.
[23/3/2026 2:30 pm] RY: It is a gd initiative that govt already started solar energy is most HDB flats, as alternative energy for residential consumption, since SG is so near to Equator and summer all year long
However with the trend of electric vehicles, maybe more electrical consumption maybe expected ?
Hope the vehical industry may also come up with electrical-saving vehicals in near future too, just like oil
Glad that govt also started the different ticks of energy-saving for electrical pdts, and phrased out those not energy/water-saving pdts in most retails shops, and encourage people to buy energy/water-saving pdts
Eg NEA extended Climate Vouchers to all SG households for both HDB/Private residential
[23/3/2026 2:32 pm] RY: SG may also consider Russia as alternative energy supplier, if the sanction is lifted in future/war ended
[23/3/2026 2:34 pm] RY: I rem watching a documentary that SG govt is planning/bldg a solar plant in Aussie - unsure if the source is valid
[23/3/2026 2:35 pm] RY: I am unsure if wind energy is possible for SG context, since we are surrounded by sea
[23/3/2026 2:37 pm] Khai Mun L.: Still on-going, but i recall a bit stuck due to financial and legal stuff by australia side
[23/3/2026 2:38 pm] RY: Helium energy maybe the next/alternative resource
Maybe govt may research more on this also and its feasibility
[23/3/2026 2:39 pm] RY: SG is one of the largest oil refinery, believe SMR nuclear energy maybe feasible
[23/3/2026 2:40 pm] RY: Tks for the updates
[23/3/2026 2:41 pm] LCL (Danny 心): [15/03, 6:23 pm] ☸️ Danny 心:
My prompt:-
If Singapore decides to go SMR Thorium molten salt nuclear reactors - 5 of them.
Can Singapore import sufficient Thorium in one go to supply for 100 years without import?
[15/03, 6:22 pm] ☸️ Danny 心:
Source:- Google AI
Yes — technically Singapore could import enough thorium in one shipment to run several reactors for a very long time, because thorium fuel is extremely energy-dense and reactors consume very small quantities each year.
Let’s break it down.
1. Thorium energy density
Thorium (especially Thorium) used in a Molten Salt Reactor can produce enormous energy.
Rough comparison:
Fuel
Energy from 1 ton
Coal
~3–4 MW-year
Uranium (LWR)
~40,000 MW-year
Thorium (MSR)
up to ~1,000,000 MW-year
Thorium reactors can use much more of the fuel, which is why the consumption is small.
2. Thorium needed per reactor
A small modular reactor (SMR) like those proposed by ThorCon or similar designs typically:
Power output: 250–500 MW
Thorium consumption: roughly 1–3 tons per year
So let’s estimate.
If Singapore builds 5 reactors
Assume:
5 reactors
300 MW each
~2 tons thorium per reactor per year
Total:
10 tons of thorium per year
3. Fuel needed for 100 years
For 100 years:
Copy code
10 tons/year × 100 years
= ~1000 tons thorium
So Singapore would need roughly:
~1000 tons of thorium
4. Is 1000 tons large?
Actually, it is very small by mining standards.
Example thorium reserves:
Country
Estimated thorium reserves
India
~850,000 tons
Australia
~600,000 tons
Brazil
~600,000 tons
United States
~500,000 tons
So 1000 tons is tiny globally.
5. Physical storage size
Thorium is a dense metal/oxide powder.
1,000 tons roughly equals:
About 40–50 standard shipping containers
Or a small warehouse.
So storing 100 years of fuel in Singapore is physically easy.
6. Strategic advantage
This is one reason thorium SMRs are attractive for small countries like Singapore:
Advantages:
Fuel needed is very small
Can stockpile decades of supply
Energy security
Less dependence on continuous imports
✅ Conclusion
If Singapore built 5 thorium molten-salt SMRs, it could realistically:
Import ~1000 tons of thorium once
Store it locally
Run the reactors for around 100 years without further imports
💡 Interesting fact:
The entire world’s electricity demand for one year could theoretically be powered by less than ~7,000 tons of thorium if fully utilized in advanced molten-salt reactors.
If you want, I can also explain something fascinating:
Why Singapore could run its entire electricity grid with only about 8–12 SMR thorium reactors — and how much land area that would take.
[23/3/2026 2:44 pm] RY: Tightening diplomatic relationship/ties with neighbouring countries are extremely impt, since SG imports much fm overseas, as SG doesnt have natural resources except labour/sun
[23/3/2026 2:54 pm] Khai Mun L.: Government agencies could publicize the recent easy efforts made during current high energy prices. E.g. aircon temperature, work from home, reduced private transport usage, donations by mp etc..
[23/3/2026 3:14 pm] RY: As per our Ministers, every crisis is also an opportunity
There is more than 1 energy source, and we shall have to think out of the box for solutions always
[23/3/2026 3:33 pm] Jun Ming: Our Minister should led by example in conserving energy. Such as taking public transport
[23/3/2026 3:34 pm] Jun Ming: Parliament air con make sure it's powered by central air conditioning
[23/3/2026 3:34 pm] Jun Ming: These are opportunity to win votes
[23/3/2026 3:35 pm] Jun Ming: Exposing how much kwh they have save in this month compared to last month
[23/3/2026 3:36 pm] Jun Ming: Same as gov office
[23/3/2026 4:02 pm] REACH Singapore: 📢 Topic 📢
[23/3/2026 4:25 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Saudi Aramco cuts oil supply to Asia for second month in April | Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/saudi-aramco-tells-buyers-lift-only-arab-light-crude-yanbu-april-2026-03-23/
[23/3/2026 4:29 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Trump's changing course on Strait of Hormuz strategy raises questions about US war preparation - CNA
Trump's political opponents say that he has "lost control of the war" and that he "has no plan to reopen the Strait of Hormuz".
https://share.google/moetsbosmnq6VtGRI
死得咯！
[23/3/2026 4:30 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
“Trump has no plan to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, so he is threatening to attack Iran’s civil power plants,” said Sen Ed Markey, D-Mass, adding: “This would be a war crime.”
“He’s lost control of the war and he is panicking,” said Sen Chris Murphy, D-Conn, responding to Trump's post.
[23/3/2026 4:36 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Stability comes first: Chinese defence chief signals Beijing’s strategic caution | South China Morning Post
China signal it will not attack Taiwan.
(Else it will trigger a WW3).
https://share.google/zY2Kh8wHRtSkG3XgA
[23/3/2026 4:38 pm] Khai Mun L.: Though having ministers take public transport might be security risk and public inconvenience.
People could mob them and cause disturbance to the rest
[23/3/2026 4:39 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Yes. You are right.
There are security protocols to follow.
This apply to all political Ministers.
[23/3/2026 4:39 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Even foreign countries have such security protocols that apply to all their political Ministers.
[23/3/2026 4:46 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Else each time, security details got to do a security sweep in the MRT and buses they travel.
开玩笑。
[23/3/2026 4:46 pm] Andrew Goh: Perhaps can share measures as how each of us can do our part to reduce energy consumption. Maybe some companies like SP already has those Green Leaves Initiative and tips, these knowledge can be communicated on a national level might help.
[23/3/2026 4:49 pm] Jun Ming: They are not so 金贵。 Parliament usually happens in the afternoon which is off peak. There's enough room with body guards
[23/3/2026 4:50 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Appearing in public is a different matter
[23/3/2026 4:52 pm] Jun Ming: Hmm maybe should hitch instead of every mp drive a car
[23/3/2026 4:55 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Previously I bring a Minister to my server room to show him all the IT setup.
When he left after I escort him back to his office, a senior person ask me, how come a security detail didn't escort him?
I say, huh must arrange security detail meh?
That means during that period, I implicitly become his bodyguard.
[23/3/2026 4:55 pm] Jun Ming: No need what
[23/3/2026 4:56 pm] Jun Ming: Unless there's Intel on a attack
[23/3/2026 4:56 pm] Jun Ming: From what I heard wp Gerald giam take train
[23/3/2026 4:57 pm] Jun Ming: Why can't other pap member take train
[23/3/2026 4:57 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
This is what a senior official told me.
[23/3/2026 5:03 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Actually, the world is not inform of something more dangerous in this Middle East war.
[23/3/2026 5:03 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/us-weighs-special-forces-operation-to-seize-irans-enriched-uranium-stockpile-report/3873626
US weighs special forces operation to seize Iran's enriched uranium stockpile: Report
Head of UN nuclear agency warns extraction would be 'very challenging' as much of material buried under bombed sites
[23/3/2026 5:04 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
"Iran’s nuclear materials and equipment remain a danger in an active war zone".
This is far more dangerous to the world.
https://theconversation.com/irans-nuclear-materials-and-equipment-remain-a-danger-in-an-active-war-zone-278008#:~:text=Iran%E2%80%99s%20nuclear%20materials%20and%20equipment%20remain%20a%20danger%20in%20an%20active%20war%C2%A0zone
[23/3/2026 5:05 pm] Khai Mun L.: Have you seen mp's walkaround in the estate? a lot of people usually surround, wanting to shake hand, take photo, complain about stuff etc..
I had to make big detour around the crowd.
[23/3/2026 5:06 pm] Khai Mun L.: That was what assumed about previous japan PM, but he got shot at when he was out for a rally talk
[23/3/2026 5:15 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
"Middle East crisis live: Iran threatens to lay mines across entire Gulf if coasts are attacked as Israel warns war could continue for weeks
Iran is ramping up its rhetoric on how it would respond to a major attack on the Kharg island or a coastal attack
Iran vows to destroy Middle East water and energy facilities if US attacks power plants"
https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2026/mar/23/middle-east-crisis-live-iea-chief-says-iran-war-energy-crunch-worse-than-1970s-oil-crises-and-ukraine-war-combined?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-69c0d85d8f0870f125bb186d#:~:text=Middle%20East%20crisis%20live%3A%20Iran,if%20US%20attacks%20power%20plants
[23/3/2026 5:16 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Don't bet on Middle East war will end soon.
The destruction and the outcomes can be unimaginable.
We should start building our own energy infrastructure.
不是开玩笑。
[23/3/2026 5:37 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
"Singapore, Australia to step up efforts to safeguard oil, LNG trade.
The leaders of the two countries expressed deep concern on Monday (Mar 23) over the situation in the Middle East and its consequences for their region."
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/australia-energy-supply-trade-lawrence-wong-anthony-albanese-6010801#:~:text=Singapore%2C%20Australia%20to,for%20their%20region.
[23/3/2026 5:38 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Mr Wong and Mr Albanese said they were committed to working together to strengthen energy supply chain resilience.
This includes efforts to deepen regional cooperation, accelerate renewable energy transition, address unjustified import and export restrictions and maintain open trade flows, said the two prime ministers after a phone call on Monday.
[23/3/2026 5:39 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Australia is one of the world's top LNG producers, alongside Qatar, the US and Russia.
LNG is traded globally, and supply disruptions can quickly ripple across regions as buyers compete for limited cargoes.
This matters for Singapore, where 95 per cent of its electricity is generated using imported natural gas, comprising LNG and pipeline gas from neighbouring countries.
[23/3/2026 5:40 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Singapore import 39.4% LNG from Australia.
And 24.9% from Qatar.
[23/3/2026 5:46 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
"Make Friends with All.
Make enemies with None."
Has become so vital for our existence.
In time of crisis, we can depends on Friends to back us up.
Hence we must make friends with our Hearts.
Because during crisis, they will lend a hand to help us.
[23/3/2026 5:47 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
How come?
[23/3/2026 5:48 pm] Jun Ming: You want to bring a kid to suffer
[23/3/2026 5:49 pm] Jun Ming: Where so many tension around the globe
[23/3/2026 5:49 pm] Jun Ming: To minister this is the reason why our fertility rate is so low
[23/3/2026 5:49 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Hmm....
This is the issue that boggles people's mind.
Because we are in a 末法时期。(Dharma ending era).
That's why 小三灾 (3 minor catastrophe) manifested.
(The ripening of the humanity collective karma - arising from human 3 primary defilements of :-
a. Ignorance of Universal Truth
b. Hatred / Anger
c. Greed
贪嗔痴
And compounded by 2 minor defilements of:-
d. Arrogance
e. Distrust.
慢疑。
[23/3/2026 5:50 pm] Jun Ming: Unless someone can bring peace but unlikely
[23/3/2026 5:51 pm] Jun Ming: As global resources has reach the maximum and now a war has broke out to gain more resources
[23/3/2026 5:52 pm] Jun Ming: Us trying to snatch the oil
[23/3/2026 5:52 pm] Jun Ming: Ukraine and Russia wants to get more land
[23/3/2026 5:52 pm] Jun Ming: You see these are places with rich resources
[23/3/2026 5:53 pm] Jun Ming: Next will be cuba
[23/3/2026 5:53 pm] 365: Globalization debt, we've been building the world on the promise of infinite growth
[23/3/2026 5:53 pm] Jun Ming: Trump wants to get Greenland in also
[23/3/2026 5:54 pm] 365: There's still no signs of them trying to slow down
[23/3/2026 5:55 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
All these related to humanity's 3 major defilements and 2 minor defilements.
[23/3/2026 5:56 pm] Jun Ming: And the world fundamental resources is not money, it's food and energy. This world is build base on this 2 pillar
[23/3/2026 5:57 pm] Jun Ming: When these 2 pillar are stable the world more or less are stable
[23/3/2026 5:57 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Arrogance - I all the world powerful.
Distrust - Me first, I trust no one.
Greed / Selfish - greed for lands, for oil, for money, for power, for control.
Hatred / Anger - centuries of hatred and anger since biblical times.
Ignorance of Universal Truth - 真正的真理 - how many people really knows.....
Rationalism, Collaboration, Mutual benefits, mutual trust - how many countries really practice it nowadays - with globalisation taking a back seat, benefits not shared by all people in each country, rearing of far right nationalism, fascism, acting with impunity ...
[23/3/2026 5:59 pm] Jun Ming: 天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。 I think since wwII the world is getting more and more separated
[23/3/2026 6:01 pm] REACH Singapore: 📢 Topic 📢
[23/3/2026 6:34 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
Particularly I like the statement - accelerate renewable energy transition.
Yes this is the right energy strategy.
刻不容缓。
Proceed with speed and steadiness.
[23/3/2026 6:46 pm] REACH Singapore: Dear Contributors,
⏰ We will be closing the chat in 15 minutes ⏰
Thank you very much for being part of our Telegram chat and participating actively.
Goodnight!
Megan 😊
[23/3/2026 6:48 pm] LCL (Danny 心):
In fact China hold the vital key to Asia Pacific security, albeit humanity existence.
China must exercise extremely strategic caution not to trigger war on Taiwan.
Else WW3 will really erupt.
[23/3/2026 6:59 pm] REACH Singapore: Dear Contributors
We will be closing the chat for today.
Thank you very much for being part of our Telegram chat and participating actively.
Goodnight!
Megan 😊
====
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